Publication Type

Journal Article

Version

acceptedVersion

Publication Date

9-2021

Abstract

Developers usually depend on inserting logging statements into the source code to collect system runtime information. Such logged information is valuable for software maintenance. A logging statement usually prints one or more variables to record vital system status. However, due to the lack of rigorous logging guidance and the requirement of domain-specific knowledge, it is not easy for developers to make proper decisions about which variables to log. To address this need, in this work, we propose an approach to recommend logging variables for developers during development by learning from existing logging statements. Different from other prediction tasks in software engineering, this task has two challenges: 1) Dynamic labels – different logging statements have different sets of accessible variables, which means in this task, the set of possible labels of each sample is not the same. 2) Out-of-vocabulary words – identifiers’ names are not limited to natural language words and the test set usually contains a number of program tokens which are out of the vocabulary built from the training set and cannot be appropriately mapped to word embeddings. To deal with the first challenge, we convert this task into a representation learning problem instead of a multi-label classification problem. Given a code snippet which lacks a logging statement, our approach first leverages a neural network with an RNN (recurrent neural network) layer and a self-attention layer to learn the proper representation of each program token, and then predicts whether each token should be logged through a unified binary classifier based on the learned representation. To handle the second challenge, we propose a novel method to map program tokens into word embeddings by making use of the pre-trained word embeddings of natural language tokens. We evaluate our approach on 9 large and high-quality Java projects. Our evaluation results show that the average MAP of our approach is over 0.84, outperforming random guess and an information-retrieval-based method by large margins.

Keywords

Log, Logging Variable, Word Embedding, Representation Learning

Discipline

Data Storage Systems | Software Engineering

Research Areas

Software and Cyber-Physical Systems

Publication

IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering

Volume

47

Issue

9

First Page

2012

Last Page

2031

ISSN

0098-5589

Identifier

10.1109/TSE.2019.2941943

Publisher

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

Copyright Owner and License

Authors

Additional URL

https://doi.org/10.1109/TSE.2019.2941943

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