How do machine learning models change?

Publication Type

Journal Article

Version

publishedVersion

Publication Date

6-2026

Abstract

The proliferation of Machine Learning (ML) models and their open source implementations has transformed AI research and applications. Platforms like Hugging Face (HF) enable this evolving ecosystem, yet a large-scale longitudinal study of how these models change is lacking. This study addresses this gap by analyzing over 680,000 commits from 100,000 models and 2,251 releases from 202 of these models on HF using repository mining and longitudinal methods. We apply an extended ML change taxonomy to classify commits and use Bayesian networks to model temporal patterns in commit and release activities. Our findings show that commit activities align with established data science methodologies, such as the Cross-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining (CRISP-DM), emphasizing iterative refinement. Release patterns tend to consolidate significant updates, particularly in model outputs, sharing, and documentation, distinguishing them from granular commits. Furthermore, projects with higher popularity exhibit distinct evolutionary paths, often starting from a more mature baseline with fewer foundational commits in their public history. In contrast, those with intensive collaboration show unique documentation and technical evolution patterns. These insights enhance the understanding of model changes on community platforms and provide valuable guidance for best practices in model maintenance.

Keywords

Bayesian Networks in Software Engineering, Commit Type Classification, ML Model Changes, ML Software Evolution, ML Software Releases

Discipline

Artificial Intelligence and Robotics | Software Engineering

Research Areas

Intelligent Systems and Optimization

Areas of Excellence

Digital transformation

Publication

ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology

Volume

35

Issue

7

First Page

1

Last Page

50

ISSN

1049-331X

Identifier

10.1145/3767157

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)

Additional URL

https://doi.org/10.1145/3767157

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